Abstract

This research examined the impact of graphene oxide (GO) on the overall performance of M35-grade concrete, particularly with respect to mechanical strength, durability, and workability. GO was incorporated into the concrete mix in varying proportions—0.00%, 0.03%, 0.05%, 0.60%, 1.00%, and 2.00%—by weight of cement. The inclusion of GO resulted in notable enhancements in mechanical properties: compressive strength increased by 21–32%, splitting tensile strength by 22–35%, and flexural strength by 38–48%. Additionally, the elastic modulus improved by 12%, and density increased by 2%. Durability characteristics also improved, as demonstrated by reductions in water absorption (11%), water penetration depth (22%), sulphate content (10%), and carbonation depth (19%). Furthermore, GO effectively reduced plastic shrinkage, bleeding, and segregation, while maintaining workability, yield, and flow properties. Several important correlations were observed, including relationships between slump and compressive strength, GO dosage and tensile strength, water absorption and flexural strength, and density and yield. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses revealed that GO suppressed ettringite formation and promoted the development of compact, flower-like hydration products within microcracks and pores, thereby contributing to a denser cement matrix. A reduction in peaks associated with calcite (CaCO₃) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) indicated improved hydration. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) confirmed higher calcium concentrations, supporting increased formation of calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H) gel, facilitated by the oxide composition of GO. Among all tested concentrations, 0.03% GO provided the most optimal balance of strength, durability, and workability. These findings highlight GO’s potential as a promising additive for enhancing high-performance concrete in modern construction.

Keywords

Graphene oxide (GO), M35 grade concrete, Mechanical properties, Durability enhancement, Microstructural analysis, High-performance concrete.

Cite this article

Walunjkar PM, Bajad MN. Performance optimization of M35 concrete using graphene oxide additives. International Journal of Advanced Technology and Engineering Exploration. 2025;12(132):1661-1685. DOI : 10.19101/IJATEE.2024.111101472

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