International Journal of Advanced Technology and Engineering Exploration ISSN (Print): 2394-5443    ISSN (Online): 2394-7454 Volume-13 Issue-136 March-2026
  1. 4037
    Citations
  2. 2.7
    CiteScore
Optimization of tribological performance of extracted waste banana peel oil reinforced with multi-layer graphene nanoparticles using response surface methodology

Fawzan Hanafi bin Mohamad Fazdhli1, Muhammad Ilman Hakimi Chua bin Abdullah1, 2, Mohammad Rafi bin Omar1, Mohd Fazdli bin Abdullah1, Mohd Fariduddin Mukhtar3, Effendi Bin Mohamad4, Rohana Binti Abdullah5, Iskandar Waini4, Najiyah Safwa Khashi’ie1, Poppy Puspitasari5 and Avita Ayu Permanasari5

Fakulti Teknologi dan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal,Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100, Durian Tunggal,Melaka,Malaysia1
Centre for Advance Research on Energy,Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100, Durian Tunggal,Melaka,Malaysia2
Fakulti Pengurusan Teknologi dan Teknousahawanan,Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal,Melaka,Malaysia3
Fakulti Teknologi dan Kejuruteraan Industri dan Pembuatan,Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal,Melaka,Malaysia4
Faculty of Engineering,Universitas Negeri Malang, Jl. Semarang No. 5 Malang,East Java,Indonesia5
Corresponding Author : Muhammad Ilman Hakimi Chua bin Abdullah

Recieved : 28-April-2025; Revised : 11-February-2026; Accepted : 21-March-2026

Abstract

The incorporation of nanoparticles into bio-waste materials has recently gained attention in the field of tribology. Banana peel (BP), a promising bio-waste, shows potential for producing lubricant oil. While the performance of pure banana peel oil (BPO) has been promising, further enhancement is necessary to ensure stable performance. To address this, graphene nanoparticles (GNPs) are introduced as they are known to improve material characteristics and enhance oil performance. This study evaluates the coefficient of friction (COF) and wear scar diameter (WSD). The BPO-GNP mixture is optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) in Minitab software, employing a Box-Behnken design (BBD). The effects of factors such as homogenization time, volume percentage, and graphene type are examined in this study. The COF and WSD results are analyzed using Pareto charts and surface plots. The analysis reveals that the effects of each factor on COF are relatively minor. In contrast, homogenization time and graphene type have significant effects on WSD, with a p-value of 0.04. The results suggest that a homogenization time of 30 minutes and the use of research-grade graphene yield the optimal combination for minimizing WSD. 

Keywords

Banana peel oil, Graphene nanoparticles, Bio-waste lubricant, Tribological performance, Wear scar diameter, Response surface methodology.

Cite this article

Fazdhli FHBM, Abdullah MIHCB, Omar MRB, Abdullah MFB, Mukhtar MF, Mohamad EB, Abdullah RB, Waini I, Khashi’ie NS, Puspitasari P, Permanasari AA. Optimization of tribological performance of extracted waste banana peel oil reinforced with multi-layer graphene nanoparticles using response surface methodology. International Journal of Advanced Technology and Engineering Exploration. 2026;13(136):319-334. DOI : 10.19101/IJATEE.2025.121220561

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