Developing a comprehensive and integrated public transport framework in Indonesia
Suharto1, Erika Buchari2 and Ermatita3
Research Scholar, Doctorate Study Program, Faculty of Engineering,Sriwijaya University,Indralaya 30662,Indonesia1
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,Faculty of Engineering, Sriwijaya University, Indralaya 30662,Indonesia2
Professor, Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science,Sriwijaya University,Indralaya 30662,Indonesia3
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,Faculty of Engineering, Sriwijaya University, Indralaya 30662,Indonesia2
Professor, Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science,Sriwijaya University,Indralaya 30662,Indonesia3
Corresponding Author : Erika Buchari
Received : 15-January-2026; Revised : 23-August-2026; Accepted : 24-August-2026
Abstract
Urban transportation in Indonesia continues to face challenges related to congestion, fragmented services, and poor-quality public transport. These challenges indicate a gap between community mobility needs and the capacity of public transport services to meet them. Existing route planning has not been systematically developed based on the origin-destination (OD) matrix, while qualitative interviews have revealed institutional and operational barriers to the effective implementation of public transport services. Furthermore, public transport management remains traditional and fragmented. The estimated willingness to pay (WTP) was Indonesian rupiah (Rp) 3,742.06, which was 8.10% lower than the ability to pay (ATP), indicating a need for appropriate incentive policies to enhance WTP and encourage greater use of public transport. This study aims to develop a comprehensive framework for the implementation and management of public transport services. The methodology includes: (1) travel demand analysis using PTV VISUM transport simulation, (2) ATP and WTP analysis, (3) operational and vehicle operating cost (VOC) analysis, (4) service satisfaction surveys, and (5) institutional and policy analysis. The findings resulted in an integrated four-component framework encompassing planning, management, finance, and policy. The proposed framework is designed as a nationally adaptable strategy to enhance the efficiency, equity, and sustainability of public transport services.
Keywords
Public transport, Origin-destination matrix, Willingness to pay, Ability to pay, Transport planning, Sustainable urban mobility.
Cite this article
Suharto, Buchari E, Ermatita. Developing a comprehensive and integrated public transport framework in Indonesia. International Journal of Advanced Technology and Engineering Exploration. 2026;13(141):428-460. DOI : 10.19101/IJATEE.2026.131340009
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