(Publisher of Peer Reviewed Open Access Journals)

International Journal of Advanced Technology and Engineering Exploration (IJATEE)

ISSN (Print):2394-5443    ISSN (Online):2394-7454
Volume-9 Issue-95 October-2022
Full-Text PDF
Paper Title : Average torque improvement of BLDC motor in battery electric vehicle
Author Name : Rupam , Sanjay Marwaha and Anupma Marwaha
Abstract :

Amongst automobiles, the domain of electric vehicles is being targeted globally by researchers from its inception. Hence, a great proliferation in the advancement of electric vehicles has been documented in recent years. The cogging torque of the motor is the main cause of acoustic noise and vibration produced in the electric vehicle. The objective of this paper is to minimize the cogging torque and improve the average torque of the brushless direct current (BLDC) motor used in battery electric vehicles. The power rating of the selected reference vehicle is computed using kinematic equations. The selection of material and pole slot combination has a great impact on motor torque which influences the overall performance of the vehicle. An optimal design of a BLDC motor is presented by selecting distinct values of rotor pole embrace factor by using a parametric approach of ANSYS Maxwell software. With the help of the finite element method (FEM), the magnetic analysis of the proposed motor has been carried out. Consequently, it is observed that the designed model offers significant reduction in cogging torque with improved average torque of the motor. Accordingly, the rating of the battery to power the motor for propulsion has been computed.

Keywords : Battery electric vehicle, BLDC motor, Finite element analysis, Permanent magnet.
Cite this article : Rupam , Marwaha S, Marwaha A. Average torque improvement of BLDC motor in battery electric vehicle. International Journal of Advanced Technology and Engineering Exploration. 2022; 9(95):1522-1538. DOI:10.19101/IJATEE.2021.875874.
References :
[1]https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2020. Accessed 10 June 2020.
[2]Chan CC. The state of the art of electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles. Proceedings of the IEEE. 2007; 95(4):704-18.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[3]Barkenbus JN. Prospects for electric vehicles. Sustainability. 2020; 12(14):1-13.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[4]Jhunjhunwala A, Kaur P, Mutagekar S. Electric vehicles in India: a novel approach to scale electrification. IEEE Electrification Magazine. 2018; 6(4):40-7.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[5]Karki A, Phuyal S, Tuladhar D, Basnet S, Shrestha BP. Status of pure electric vehicle power train technology and future prospects. Applied System Innovation. 2020; 3(3):1-28.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[6]Dalal A, Kumar P. Design, prototyping, and testing of a dual-rotor motor for electric vehicle application. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2018; 65(9):7185-92.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[7]Chen Q, Xiao Q, Liao C, Zeng L, Li X, Huang J, et al. Design and analysis of outer rotor in-wheel motor for micro-electric vehicle. Advances in Mechanical Engineering. 2017; 9(11).
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[8]Saidur R. A review on electrical motors energy use and energy savings. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2010; 14(3):877-98.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[9]Sandeep V, Shastri S. Analysis and design of PMBLDC motor for three wheeler electric vehicle application. In E3S web of conferences 2019 (pp. 1-7). EDP Sciences.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[10]Sun X, Shi Z, Lei G, Guo Y, Zhu J. Analysis and design optimization of a permanent magnet synchronous motor for a campus patrol electric vehicle. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2019; 68(11):10535-44.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[11]Yang Z, Shang F, Brown IP, Krishnamurthy M. Comparative study of interior permanent magnet, induction, and switched reluctance motor drives for EV and HEV applications. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification. 2015; 1(3):245-54.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[12]Jain S, Kumar L. Fundamentals of power electronics controlled electric propulsion. Power Electronics Handbook. 2018:1023-65. Butterworth-Heinemann.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[13]Un-noor F, Padmanaban S, Mihet-popa L, Mollah MN, Hossain E. A comprehensive study of key electric vehicle (EV) components, technologies, challenges, impacts, and future direction of development. Energies. 2017; 10(8):1-84.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[14]Singh B, Singh S. State of the art on permanent magnet brushless DC motor drives. Journal of Power Electronics. 2009; 9(1):1-17.
[Google Scholar]
[15]Jiang C, Qiao M, Zhu P, Zheng Q. Design and verification of high speed permanent magnet synchronous motor for electric car. In IEEE advanced information management, communicates, electronic and automation control conference 2018 (pp. 2371-5). IEEE.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[16]Jang SM, Jeong SS, Ryu DW, Choi SK. Design and analysis of high speed slotless PM machine with Halbach array. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 2001; 37(4):2827-30.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[17]Singh B, Singh BP, Dwivedi S. A state of art on different configurations of permanent magnet brushless machines. Journal-Institution of Engineers India Part El Electrical Engineering Division. 2006; 87.
[Google Scholar]
[18]Jokinen T, Hrabovcova V, Pyrhonen J. Design of rotating electrical machines. John Wiley & Sons; 2013.
[Google Scholar]
[19]Toker K, Tosun O, Serteller NF, Topuz V. Design, optimization and experimental study of axial and hub BLDC motors in-wheel application for light electric vehicles. In IEEE Mediterranean electrotechnical conference 2022 (pp. 354-9). IEEE.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[20]Cabuk AS, Sağlam Ş, Üstün Ö. Impact of various slot-pole combinations on an in-wheel BLDC motor performance. IU-Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engineering. 2017; 17(2):3369-75.
[Google Scholar]
[21]Thenmozhi G, Radhika A, Mithun B, Dhineesh M, Abissek B. A simulation-based investigation on the performance of BLDC motor used in electric vehicles for varied magnetic materials. In international conference on advanced computing and communication systems 2022 (pp. 875-9). IEEE.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[22]Guo L, Wang H. Research on stator slot and rotor pole combination and pole arc coefficient in a surface-mounted permanent magnet machine by the finite element method. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2021; 12(1):1-15.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[23]Vadde A, Sachin S. Influence of rotor design in BLDC motor for two-wheeler electric vehicle. In 1st international conference on power electronics and energy 2021 (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[24]Minh DB, Quoc VD, Huy PN. Efficiency improvement of permanent magnet BLDC motors for electric vehicles. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research. 2021; 11(5):7615-8.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[25]Khalid MA, Othman RN, Zuki NA, Shukor FA, Othman MN, Chockalingam AV. Performance analysis of brushless DC motor with optimum magnetic energy for bicycle application. International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems. 2021; 12(4):2113-22.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[26]Kumar A, Gandhi R, Wilson R, Roy R. Analysis of permanent magnet BLDC motor design with different slot type. In international conference on power electronics, smart grid and renewable energy 2020 (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[27]Du G, Xu W, Zhu J, Huang N. Effects of design parameters on the multiphysics performance of high-speed permanent magnet machines. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2019; 67(5):3472-83.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[28]Li Y, Qu B, Zhu Y, Wan Y, Zhu X. Design and analysis of an outer rotor flux switching permanent magnet machine for light electric vehicles. International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics. 2019; 62(1):161-72.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[29]Yuan Y, Meng W, Sun X, Zhang L. Design optimization and analysis of an outer-rotor direct-drive permanent-magnet motor for medium-speed electric vehicle. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2019; 10(2):1-19.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[30]He C, Wu T. Analysis and design of surface permanent magnet synchronous motor and generator. CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems. 2019; 3(1):94-100.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[31]Mithunraj MK, Warrier GS, Pathivil P, Kanagalakshmi S, Archana R. Design and performance analysis of brushless DC motor using ANSYS maxwell. In 2nd international conference on intelligent computing, instrumentation and control technologies 2019 (pp. 1049-53). IEEE.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[32]Leitner S, Gruebler H, Muetze A. Cogging torque minimization and performance of the sub-fractional HP BLDC claw-pole motor. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2019; 55(5):4653-64.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[33]Popescu M, Goss J, Staton DA, Hawkins D, Chong YC, Boglietti A. Electrical vehicles-practical solutions for power traction motor systems. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2018; 54(3):2751-62.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[34]Patel AN, Suthar BN. Design optimization of axial flux surface mounted permanent magnet brushless dc motor for electrical vehicle based on genetic algorithm. International Journal of Engineering. 2018; 31(7):1050-6.
[Google Scholar]
[35]Yildirim M, Kurum H, Miljavec D, Corovic S. Influence of material and geometrical properties of permanent magnets on cogging torque of BLDC. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research. 2018; 8(2):2656-62.
[Google Scholar]
[36]He C, Wu T. Permanent magnet brushless DC motor and mechanical structure design for the electric impact wrench system. Energies. 2018; 11(6):1-24.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[37]Saed N, Mirsalim M. Mathematical modeling and analysis of dual-stator permanent magnet brushless DC motor. In annual power electronics, drives systems and technologies conference 2018 (pp. 48-52). IEEE.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[38]Sumithra P, Thiripurasundari D. Review on computational electromagnetics. Advanced Electromagnetics. 2017; 6(1):42-55.
[Google Scholar]
[39]Sykulski J. Computational electromagnetics for design optimisation: the state of the art and conjectures for the future. Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences. 2009; 57(2).
[Google Scholar]
[40]Kumar A, Marwaha S, Singh A, Marwaha A. Comparative leakage field analysis of electromagnetic devices using finite element and fuzzy methods. Expert Systems with Applications. 2010; 37(5):3827-34.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[41]Dai M, Keyhani A, Sebastian T. Torque ripple analysis of a PM brushless DC motor using finite element method. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 2004; 19(1):40-5.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[42]Xie Q, Mu C, Wu G, Yu Z, Yu Y, Jia R. Method for flux linkage optimization of permanent magnet synchronous motor based on nonlinear dynamic analysis. Nonlinear Dynamics. 2019; 97(4):2067-89.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[43]Sadiku MN. Numerical techniques in electromagnetics. CRC Press; 2000.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[44]Zienkiewicz OC, Taylor RL, Zhu JZ. The finite element method: its basis and fundamentals. Elsevier; 2005.
[Google Scholar]
[45]Chan CC, Chau KT. Design of electrical machines by the finite element method using distributed computing. Computers in Industry. 1991; 17(4):367-74.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[46]Yong JY, Ramachandaramurthy VK, Tan KM, Mithulananthan N. A review on the state-of-the-art technologies of electric vehicle, its impacts and prospects. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2015; 49:365-85.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[47]Grunditz EA, Thiringer T. Performance analysis of current BEVs based on a comprehensive review of specifications. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification. 2016; 2(3):270-89.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[48]Sidharthan PV, Kashyap Y. Brushless DC hub motor drive control for electric vehicle applications. In first international conference on power, control and computing technologies 2020 (pp. 448-53). IEEE.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[49]Bhosale R, Warshe W, Shreelakshmi MP, Arlikar P, Prakash AK, Agarwal V. Performance comparison of two PWM techniques applied to BLDC motor control. In international conference on power, instrumentation, control and computing 2018 (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[50]Ehsani M, Gao Y, Longo S, Ebrahimi KM. Modern electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles. CRC Press; 2018.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[51]Larminie J, Lowry J. Electric vehicle technology explained. John Wiley & Sons; 2012.
[Google Scholar]
[52]Ruoho S, Kolehmainen J, Ikaheimo J, Arkkio A. Interdependence of demagnetization, loading, and temperature rise in a permanent-magnet synchronous motor. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 2009; 46(3):949-53.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[53]Miller TJ. Brushless permanent-magnet and reluctance motor drives. 1989.
[Google Scholar]
[54]Mellah H, Hemsas K. Simulations analysis with comparative study of a PMSG performances for small WT application by FEM. International Journal of Energy Engineering. 2013:55-64.
[Google Scholar]
[55]Trout SR. Material selection of permanent magnets, considering thermal properties correctly. In proceedings: electrical insulation conference and electrical manufacturing and coil winding conference (Cat. No. 01CH37264) 2001 (pp. 365-70). IEEE.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[56]Krishnan R. Permanent magnet synchronous and brushless DC motor drives. CRC Press; 2017.
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]
[57]Hanselman DC. Brushless permanent magnet motor design. The Writers Collective; 2003.
[Google Scholar]
[58]Marwaha S. Mitigation of cogging torque for the optimal design of BLDC motor. In 2nd international conference on electrical power and energy systems 2021 (pp. 1-5). IEEE
[Crossref] [Google Scholar]